Capacitors Explained | The basics how capacitors work working principle
Capacitors Explained. Learn how capacitors work, where we use them and why they are important.
Remember
electricity is dangerous and can be fatal you should be qualified and
competent to carry out electrical work. Do not touch the terminals of a
capacitor as it can cause electric shock.
What is a capacitor?
A capacitor stores electric charge. It’s a little bit like a battery
except it stores energy in a different way. It can’t store as much
energy, although it can charge and release its energy much faster. This
is very useful and that’s why you’ll find capacitors used in almost
every circuit board.
How does a capacitor work?
I want you to first think of a water pipe with water flowing through
it. The water will continue to flow until we shut the valve. Then, no
water can flow.
If, after the valve we let the water flow into a tank, then the tank
will store some of the water but we continue to get water flowing out of
the pipe. When we close the valve, water will stop pouring into the
tank but we will still get a steady supply of water out until the tank
empties. Once the tank is filled again, we can open and close the valve
and as long as we do not completely empty the tank, we get an
uninterrupted supply of water out the end of the pipe. So we can use a
water tank to store water and smooth out interruptions to the supply.
In electrical circuits, the capacitor acts as the water tank and
stores energy. It can release this to smooth out interruptions to the
supply.
If we turned a simple circuit on an off very fast without a
capacitor, then the light will flash. But if we connect a capacitor into
the circuit, then the light will remain on during the interruptions, at
least for a short duration, because the capacitor is now discharging
and powering the circuit.
Inside a basic capacitor we have two conductive metal plates which
are typically made from aluminium or aluminium as the Americans call it.
These will be separated by a Dielectric insulating material such as
ceramic. Dielectric means the material will polarise when in contact
with an electric field. We’ll see what that means shortly.
One side of the capacitor is connected to the positive side of the
circuit and the other side is connected to the negative. On the side of
the capacitor you can see a stripe and symbol to indicate which side in
the negative, additionally the negative leg will be shorter.
If we connect a capacitor to a battery. The voltage will push the
electrons from the negative terminal over to the capacitor. The
electrons will build up on one plate of the capacitor while the other
plate will in turn release some electrons. The electrons can’t pass
through the capacitor though because of the insulating material.
Eventually the capacitor is the same voltage as the battery and no more
electrons will flow.
There is now a build up of electrons on one side, this means we have
stored energy and we can release it when needed. Because there are more
electrons on one side compared to the other, and electrons are
negatively charged, this means we have one side which is negative and
one side which is positive, so there is a difference in potential or a
voltage difference between the two. We can measure this with a
multimeter.
Voltage is like pressure, when we measure voltage we’re measuring the
difference or potential difference between two points. If you imagine a
pressurised water pipe, we can see the pressure using a pressure gauge.
The pressure gauge is comparing two different points also, the pressure
inside the pipe compared to the atmospheric pressure outside the pipe.
When the tank is empty the gauge reads zero because the pressure inside
the tank is equal to the pressure outside the tank so the gauge has
nothing to compare against. Both are the same pressure. The same with
voltage, we’re comparing the difference between two points. If we
measure across a 1.5V battery then we read a difference of 1.5V between
each end, but if we measure the same end we read zero because there’s no
difference, it’s the same.
Coming back to the capacitor, we measure across and read a voltage
difference between the two because of the build up of electrons. We
still get this reading even when we disconnect the battery.
If you remember with magnets, opposites attract and pull towards each
other. The same occurs with the build up of negatively charged
electrons, they are attracted to the positively charged particles of the
atoms on the opposite plate, but they can’t ever reach them because of
the insulating material. This pull between the two sides is an electric
field which holds the electrons in place until another path is made.
If we then place a small lamp into the circuit, a path now exists for
the electrons to flow and reach the opposite side. So the electrons
will flow through the lamp, powering it and the electrons will reach the
other side of the capacitor. This will only last a short duration
though until the build up of electrons equalises on each side. Then the
voltage is zero, so there is no pushing force and no electrons flow.
Once
we connect the battery again, the capacitor will begin to charge. This
allows us to interrupt the power supply and the capacitor will provide
power during these interruptions.
Examples
We use capacitors everywhere. They look a little different but
they’re easy to spot. In circuit boards they tend to look something like
this and we can see them represented in engineering drawings like this.
We can also get larger capacitors which are used for example on
induction motors, ceiling fans or air conditioning units and we can even
get enormous ones like this which are used to correct poor power factor
in large buildings.
On the side of a capacitor we will find two values. These will be the
capacitance and the voltage. We measure the capacitance of the
capacitor in the unit of Farads which we show with a capital F, although
we will usually measure a capacitor in microfarads so we have a micro
symbol just before this which looks something like the letter U with a
tail.
The other value is our voltage which we measure in volts with a
capital V, on the capacitor the voltage value is the maximum voltage the
capacitor can handle.
This capacitor is rated at a certain voltage and if I exceed this value then it will explode.
Most capacitors have a positive and negative terminal. We need to
make sure that the capacitor is connected correctly into the circuit.
Why we use them
One of the most common applications of capacitors in large buildings
is for power factor correction. When too many inductive loads are placed
into a circuit, the current and voltage waveforms will fall out of sync
with each other and the current will lag behind the voltage. We then
use capacitor banks to counteract this and bring the two back into
alignment.
Another common application is to smooth out peaks when converting AC to DC.
When
we use a full bridge rectifier the AC sine wave is flipped to make the
negative cycle flow in a positive direction, this will trick the circuit
into thinking it’s getting direct current.
But, one of the problems with this method is the gaps between the peaks. So we use a capacitor to release energy into the circuit during these interruptions and that will smooth the power supply out to look more like DC.
How to measure capacitance with a multi meter
We can measure the capacitance and stored voltage using a multimeter. Not all multimeters have the capacitance function.
You should be very careful with capacitors as they store energy and can hold high voltage values for a long time even when disconnected from a circuit. To check the voltage, we switch to DC voltage on our meter and then connect the red wire to the positive side of the capacitor and the black wire to the negative side. If we get a reading of several volts or more then we should discharge that by safely connecting the terminals to a resistor and continue to read the voltage. We want to make sure it reduced down into the millivolts range before handling it else we can get a shock.
To measure the capacitance, we simply switch the meter to the capacitor function. We connect the red wire to the positive side and the black wire to the negative side. After a short delay the meter will give us a reading. We will probably get a reading close to the stated value but not exact.
For example, this one is rated at 1000 microfarads but we read around 946.
This one is rated at 33 microfarads but we measure around 36.
